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ToTEM: The Bank of Canada’s New Quarterly Projection Model

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  • Titre : tr97.pdf
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  • Description : ToTEM (Terms-of-Trade Economic Model), replaces the Quarterly Projection Model (QPM), which had served in this role since its introduction in the early ... includes internal habit formation, as in CEE, which implies that households care about their level of consumption relative to their lagged consumption.

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Bank of Canada

Banque du Canada

Technical Report No. 97 / Rapport technique no 97

ToTEM: The Bank of Canada’s New
Quarterly Projection Model

by

Stephen Murchison and Andrew Rennison

December 2006

ToTEM: The Bank of Canada’s New
Quarterly Projection Model

Stephen Murchison and Andrew Rennison

Research Department
Bank of Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0G9

The views expressed in this report are solely those of the authors.
No responsibility for them should be attributed to the Bank of Canada.

ISSN 0713-7931

ISSN 0713-7931
ISBN

Printed in Canada on recycled paper
Printed in Canada on recycled paper

Contents

iii

Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Résumé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

1.

ToTEM’s Origin and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Models at the Bank of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The experience with QPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The new model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A multi-goods framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.5 Micro foundations with optimizing agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Expectations and the role of information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Compromises with ToTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2. Model Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

The finished-products sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Import sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Commodity sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Foreign links. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.6 Monetary policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Additional market-clearing conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3. Model Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.1 Why calibration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4. Model Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

The target and feedback horizons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exchange rate pass-through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The transmission of monetary policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Impulse responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.6

1.7

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.7

2.8

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

5.

Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Appendix A: The Non-Linear Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Appendix B: The Output Gap in ToTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

iv

Acknowledgements

The ToTEM project benefited from several important contributions. For their work in model

building, we thank André Binette, Patrick Perrier, and Zhenua Zhu. We thank Amy Corbett,

Debbie Gendron, Hope Pioro, and Manda Winlaw for excellent technical assistance. The authors

benefited greatly from comments and discussion at the Central Bank Modelling workshops in

Amsterdam in 2003 and Montréal

in 2004, particularly from Klaus Schmitt-Hebbel and

Alex Wolman. Valuable input was also received at Bank of Canada workshops and seminars, as

well as in informal discussions with Robert Amano, Hafed Bouakez, Pierre Duguay, Rochelle Edge,

Claude Lavoie, Andrew Levin, Rhys Mendes, Louis Phaneuf, Nooman Rebei, and Gregor Smith.

Finally, we wish to express our gratitude to Don Coletti for his leadership and enthusiasm during
the construction and implementation of the model.

Abstract

v

The authors provide a detailed technical description of the Terms-of-Trade Economic Model

(ToTEM), which replaced the Quarterly Projection Model (QPM) in December 2005 as the

Bank’s principal projection and policy-analysis model for the Canadian economy. ToTEM is an

open-economy, dynamic stochastic general-equilibrium model that contains producers of four

distinct finished products: consumption goods and services, investment goods, government goods,

and export goods. ToTEM also contains a commodity-producing sector. The behaviour of almost

all key variables in ToTEM is traceable to a set of fundamental assumptions about the underlying

structure of the Canadian economy. This greatly improves the model’s ability to tell coherent,

internally consistent stories about the current evolution of the Canadian economy and how it is

expected to evolve in the future. In addition, ToTEM’s multiple-goods approach enables the Bank
to gain insight into a much wider variety of shocks, including relative-price shocks. In particular,

ToTEM is better equipped to handle terms-of-trade shocks, such as those stemming from

movements in world commodity prices. But ToTEM does not mark a radical departure from

QPM’s design philosophy; rather, it should be regarded as the next step in the evolution of open-

economy macro modelling at the Bank. Indeed, ToTEM adopts most of the features that

distinguished QPM from its predecessors, including a well-defined steady state, an explicit

separation of intrinsic and expectational dynamics, an endogenous monetary policy rule, and an

emphasis on the economy’s supply side. However, ToTEM extends this basic framework,

allowing for optimizing behaviour on the part of households and firms, both in and out of steady

state, in a multi-product environment.

JEL classification: E17, E20, E30, E40, E50, F41
Bank classification: Economic models; Business fluctuations and cycles

vi

Résumé

Les auteurs exposent en détail les caractéristiques techniques du modèle TOTEM (pour Terms-of-

Trade Economic Model), qui a remplacé le Modèle trimestriel de prévision (MTP) en

décembre 2005 à titre de principal modèle utilisé par la Banque du Canada pour l’analyse de

politiques et l’établissement de projections relatives à l’économie canadienne. TOTEM est un

modèle d’équilibre général dynamique et stochastique adapté à un cadre d’économie ouverte. Il

comprend quatre catégories de produits finis : les biens et services finaux, les biens d’équipement,

les biens publics et les biens d’exportation. Il compte aussi un volet distinct pour le secteur des

produits de base. Le comportement de la quasi-totalité des variables clés de TOTEM a son origine

dans un ensemble d’hypothèses fondamentales concernant la structure de l’économie canadienne.

Le modèle se trouve ainsi beaucoup mieux à même de décrire de manière cohérente et logique
l’évolution actuelle — et anticipée — de l’économie canadienne que ne l’était le MTP. Par

ailleurs, la structure à produits multiples de TOTEM permet à la Banque d’étudier les effets d’un

éventail de chocs bien plus large, y compris les chocs de prix relatifs. En particulier, TOTEM se

prête mieux à l’examen des variations des termes de l’échange, notamment de celles qui

découlent des fluctuations des cours mondiaux des produits de base. Toutefois, le modèle TOTEM

ne rompt pas avec les principes qui ont présidé à la conception du MTP; il marque simplement un

nouveau jalon dans l’évolution des travaux de modélisation en économie ouverte à la Banque.

TOTEM reprend en effet la plupart des éléments qui distinguaient le MTP des modèles qui l’ont

précédé, dont un régime permanent bien défini, la différenciation explicite entre la dynamique

intrinsèque du modèle et la dynamique liée aux anticipations, une règle de politique monétaire

endogène et l’accent mis sur le secteur de l’offre. Cependant, TOTEM va plus loin en permettant

de prendre en compte le comportement optimisateur des ménages et des entreprises dans une

économie à produits multiples, aussi bien en régime permanent que hors équilibre.

Classification JEL : E17, E20, E30, E40, E50, F41
Classification de la Banque : Modèles économiques; Cycles et fluctuations économiques

Introduction

In December 2005, sta⁄ at the Bank of Canada began using a new model for
projections and analysis of the Canadian macroeconomy. This new model, called
ToTEM (Terms-of-Trade Economic Model), replaces the Quarterly Projection
Model (QPM), which had served in this role since its introduction in the early
1990s. When QPM was (cid:133)rst introduced, it was considered state of the art among
central bank models. It possessed a steady state that was well grounded in eco-
nomic theory, it accounted explicitly for both stocks and (cid:135)ows, and it assumed
an important role for forward-looking behaviour on the part of (cid:133)rms, households,
and the central bank. Since then, advances in economic modelling, combined with
enormous increases in computing power, have led to a new generation of macroeco-
nomic models that build on the basic design philosophy underlying QPM. ToTEM
incorporates several of the innovations that have emerged from the macroeco-
nomic modelling literature, and thus brings the Bank(cid:146)s workhorse model back to
the leading edge of central bank modelling. In essence, ToTEM takes advantage of
the technological progress in economic modelling and computing power that has
occurred over the past decade to enhance the fundamental strengths of QPM. The
new model has a stronger theoretical foundation, is easier to work with, and better
explains the dynamics of the Canadian economy.

As its description suggests, the Bank(cid:146)s quarterly projection and policy-analysis
model must ful(cid:133)ll two main objectives. First, it is used to produce the Bank sta⁄(cid:146)s
quarterly economic projection of the Canadian economy, which is an important
input into the monetary policy decision-making process at the Bank of Canada.
The model(cid:146)s role in the projection implies that large weight is placed on its ability
to explain the observed features of Canadian economic data (Coletti and Murchison
2002 and Macklem 2002). Second, it is used as a tool to examine a wide range of
policy-related questions, including issues related to optimal monetary policy and
the interpretation and implications of a wide range of shocks. As stressed by Lucas
(1976), any examination of the interaction between policy and economic outcomes

vii

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