Entrepreneurship at Google
15.369 Corporate Entrepreneurship – Final Paper
Aakriti Bhakhri, Lisette Ludena, Cheryl Silveri
December 10, 2015
Introduction
Corporate entrepreneurship is important because it leads to the development of new
opportunities and ideas, leading to increased profitability and an enhanced competitive position.
There are several vehicles for corporate entrepreneurship, and these include ad hoc venture
teams, new venture divisions, acquisitions, outsourcing, and hybrid forms. In this paper we will
discuss corporate entrepreneurship at Google, particularly focusing on the following questions:
● What is corporate entrepreneurship at google?
● Why is it important?
● What challenges do they face?
● Do they have a formal, managed approach for becoming more entrepreneurial?
1
On average, Google acquires one company per week and since 1998, has acquired over 180
companies. In this paper we will narrow our study to one type of corporate entrepreneurship that
Google employs: acquisitions. Acquisitions are important because they lead to additions of
talent, intellectual property and other strategic enhancements.
About Google
Google is a software company and search engine founded in 1998. Since then it has grown to
become an American multinational (see Exhibit 2 in the Appendix) with a $527B market cap and
40,000 employees, referred to as “googlers.”
The company’s slogan is “don’t be evil,” and its mission is to organize the world’s information
and make it universally accessible and useful. Google’s philosophy, or “ten things we know to
be true,” is summed up on their corporate website as:
1. Focus on the user and all else will follow
It’s best to do one thing really, really well
2.
3. Fast is better than slow
4. Democracy on the web works
5. You don’t need to be at your desk to need an answer
6. You can make money without doing evil
7. There’s always more information out there
8. The need for information crosses all borders
9.
10. Great just isn’t good enough
You can be serious without a suit
1 About Google.” About Google
. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015.
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Methodology
Our research methodology includes both primary and secondary research. The primary
research is centered on seven inperson interviews of former Google employees and summer
interns. We sourced these interviews through the MIT Sloan network, and the list of those we
interviewed can be found in Exhibit 1 of the Appendix. The interviewees come from diverse
groups and functions within Google. We divided the seven interviews among the three of us and
for each interview, we utilized the suggested questions in the Interview Guide (Exhibit 3 of the
Appendix). Secondary research is centered around company history, which can be found on
Google’s corporate website. Our research also included recent acquisitions and events,
information we gleaned from scholarly articles sourced from MIT Libraries and the World Wide
Web.
Background
In October 2015, Google, the most widely used search engine, announced that it had
reorganized itself under a new parent company called Alphabet. More than 17 years since its
founding, the company had made inroads in more than just search.
History of Google
Headquartered in Mountain View, California, Google was founded when Larry Page and Sergey
Brin met as graduate students at Stanford University and Andy Bechtolshelm of Sun
Microsystems invested $100,000 in their graduate thesis idea for a more efficient Internet
search engine. By the end of 1998 they had 60M indexed pages. In 1999 they filed a patent for
Google, Inc. and by the end of 1999 had secured $25M in equity funding from venture capital
firms including Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers, and Sequoia Capital. In 2000, Google began
selling advertisements associated with keywords and in 2004, had its initial public offering. The
IPO raised $1.67B, giving Google a market capitalization of more than $23B.
Since the IPO, Google has grown to a $527B market capitalization. Its products now include
ads, Gmail, google docs, calendar, hangouts, search, Android, chrome, Chromebook, google
maps, driverless cars, google glass and the social network google +.
Corporate Entrepreneurship
At Google, corporate entrepreneurship takes many forms, and its success is measured by the
effect of the project on users (number of users, quality of users, etc.). One form of
entrepreneurship at Google is known as the “20% time policy2.” The concept was pioneered by
3M, which allots a “15% time policy” for employees to use that portion of their paid time to chase
2 D’Onfro, Jillian. “The Truth about Google’s Famous ‘20% Time’ Policy.”Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 17 Apr. 2015. Web.
07 Dec. 2015
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inventions and potentially profitable ideas like the sticky note. At Google, all Googlers are
allotted 20% of their time to work on independent startups. This time is important because it
leads to new ideas and discoveries, including google chrome. In fact, in their 2004 IPO letter,
Larry Page and Sergey Brin noted:
“We encourage our employees, in addition to their regular projects, to
spend 20% of their time working on what they think will most benefit
Google. This empowers them to be more creative and innovative. Many of
our significant advances have happened in this manner.”
Google’s business strategy is focused on constant innovation, so the 20% time aligns with their
model and also does not cost anything besides employee time. Everyone is empowered to use
20% time. However, 20% time is more like 120% time because most employees are busy with
their regular work, and so the 20% time is not widely practicedthe employees who use it most
are the engineers3. 20% time is important because it encourages a culture of constant iteration
and feedback4. Successful projects from 20% time include AdSense, which accounts for over
25% of the company’s revenue, and Gmail, which now has over 900M active users5
Another form of entrepreneurship at Google is research and incubation. Google publishes
hundreds of scholarly articles per year and spent over $8B on R&D last year, compared to
$13.5B spent at Volkswagen, $10.4B spent at Microsoft, and $7.5B spent at Merck
Labs, the secretive incubator at Google where new ideas are brought into fruition, is responsible
for driverless cars, Google Glass, Project Loon and proposals for new acquisitions7
Finally, acquisitions are a major form of entrepreneurship at Google, and they will be the focus
of our paper. An acquisition is defined as the purchase of one company by another, with the
purchasing company establishing itself as the new owner. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have
been a popular means for many companies to address the increasing pace and level of
competition that they face. Google has pursued acquisitions to more quickly access technology,
markets, and customers, and this approach has always been a viable exit strategy for startups.
Since 1998, Google has acquired more than 180 companies and spent over $28B on
acquisitions in order to grow the company. Six noteworthy acquisitions (all within the top ten
acquisitions by valuation) are detailed below8
.
6. Google X
.
.
3 Interview with Igor Slutsker
4 Interview with Kevin Yu
5″Google’s “20% Time,” Which Brought You Gmail and AdSense, Is Now as Good as Dead.” Quartz
6 “The 10 Biggest R&D Spenders Worldwide.” Fortune The 10 Biggest RD Spenders Worldwide Comments
Web. 07 Dec. 2015
7 “Inside Google’s Secret Lab.” Bloomberg.com
8 D’Onfro, Jillian. “Google’s Ten Biggest Acquisitions.” Business Insider
. Business Insider, Inc, 20 Jan. 2015. Web. 07 Dec. 2015
. Bloomberg, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015.
. N.p., 17 Nov. 2014.
. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015.
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Year
Company Acquired
Google’s Strategy
Valuation
2011
Motorola
Acquire patents
2014
Nest Labs
Expand presence in consumer homes
2007
DoubleClick
Establish strong presence in online
advertising world
2006
YouTube
Transform the videosharing platform into
another big search engine
2013
Waze
2009
AdMob
Adopt the user engagement culture of the
app into their other services
Increase their presence in the mobile
advertising space
$12.5B
$3.2B
$3.1B
$1.65B
$966M
$750M
Challenges
Google’s acquisition strategy has led to quick expansion and the ability to specialize at a rapid
pace. However, with acquisitions come many challenges. In general, acquisition challenges
arise from poor target-selection decisions, unreasonably high purchase prices, and strategically
mismatched organizations. Furthermore, mismanagement of the last stage in the acquisition
process is common, and the post-acquisition process is a significant source of failure. As
described in Google’s 10K annual report to shareholders, the company’s biggest acquisition
challenges focus on the post-acquisition process. In this section we will review some of the
major challenges faced when Google employs acquisition as a strategy for corporate
entrepreneurship.
1. Integrating the acquired companies with Google
The challenges faced by Google leaders encompass identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing the
right synergies to capture value and acquire new capabilities. Not all Google acquisitions have
been successful, in fact one-third of Google’s acquisitions are failures. Examples of
unsuccessful acquisitions include those where Google, after purchase, either sold a company
back to its owners or otherwise disposed of it–Frommers and DMarc Broadcasting for example,
which resulted in hundreds of millions of dollars lost.
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So, what are the key ingredients to a successful integration of capabilities? Key to a successful
acquisition is finding the right synergies and managing the process correctly. We can look to
both Google’s Youtube acquisition in 2006 and Cisco as case studies.The Youtube acquisition
benefited the quality of Google’s core search product, allowing access to data on video search
queries for videos on YouTube. Moreover, the acquisition positioned Google well for future
market opportunities such as internet-connected TV, a potentially important platform for
YouTube and its content partners that Google can capitalize on9. Regarding Cisco, from 1993 –
1996, the company acquired more than 14 companies and as a result, doubled its sales and net
income. Its success can be attributed to a mantra of only acquiring companies that will help
grow the business (like Youtube for Google) and their process-driven approach to acquisition
integration.10
Cisco’s Process-Driven Approach to Acquisition Integration
Phase Deal Activity
Example Integration Tasks
Discovery and Planning
Scope assessment, business modeling, detailed due
diligence, integration planning
Ensuring operational readiness, activation of employees,
resources and integration tasks
Ongoing measurement and adjustment of integration
activity
Finally, the management of talent throughout the acquisition process is a big challenge for
Google. Finding the right role for each acqui-hire is key. Founders are often the hardest member
of the team to retain since they think of themselves as entrepreneurs versus an engineer or a
manager and do not want to be tied to a specific role or business unit. There is no scarcity of
funding in Silicon Valley and thus money is not an attractive factor for founders to stay with the
company that acquires their startup. The expertise and talent of these firms is often more
important than the technology being acquired. “When a firm is making a tech acquisition, they’re
buying the talent as much as they’re buying the technology.”11
1
2
3
Execution
Monitoring
9 “Was YouTube a Good Acquisition for Google?” Quora
10″Business Management Case Study: How Cisco Applies Company Wide Expertise for Integrating Acquired Companies Cisco on
Cisco.” Cisco
11 “How Google Has Perfected the Silicon Valley Acquisition.” Time
. Time, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015.
. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015.
. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015
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2. Transparency at Google
Another challenge that Google faces is balancing their ability to maintain transparency without
risking sensitive information. Transparency is part of the company culture at Google; employees
are kept informed of the latest company decisions, which creates a high level of trust among the
employees. For example, when the firm formally surveys its workers each year, 90% of them
participate and are able to see their own group’s results, as well as everyone else’s. Moreover,
when the company takes action on the feedback employees collectively provide, it shares all of
12 Additionally, every employee at Google has access to every other
that feedback too.
employee’s goals for the year – from their manager’s to the CEO’s. Google, by sharing sensitive
data with employees, enforces the company’s culture of trust and creates accountability for all
by providing the data employees may need to drive innovative projects, even if the data is
sensitive.
3. Structuring Corporate Entrepreneurship at Google
One big challenge that many entrepreneurial corporations face is to determine how to formally
structure corporate entrepreneurship. Since entrepreneurship itself does not have any strict
guidelines or boundaries, defining what it means to a given corporation is often not an easy
task. Google is no exception to this. While Google, with its plethora of groundbreaking products,
is one of the most entrepreneurial companies in the world, enabling its employees to be
entrepreneurial is quite challenging. One way Google tried to enable its employees to be more
entrepreneurial is by allowing all employees to dedicate 20% of their workweek to non-core
projects. Another strategy used by Google has been to develop “Google Cafes” where
employees are encouraged to interact with employees from different teams and potentially find
project partners for their non-core projects. Lastly, there is no stigma attached to failure at
Google. While an unsuccessful project is de-funded, any innovative or beneficial discovery is
recorded for future use. Determining the appropriate culture and tools that provide the right
amount of freedom to its employees is a challenge that Google seems to besuccessfully
navigating.
4. Hiring the Right Fit
While establishing the right culture to promote corporate entrepreneurship is challenging, being
able to sustain it through hiring the right employees is even harder. In order for Google to
sustain its entrepreneurial culture, Google has to invest heavily in hiring the right people. Hiring
mistakes, while detrimental to the culture of the company, can also be expensive. According to
a 2012 poll conducted by CareerBuilder, “41% of participating companies had experienced a
cost of at least $25,000 per single bad hire, while 24% had incurred $50,000 for a single bad
12 “Not A Happy Accident: How Google Deliberately Designs Workplace Satisfaction.” Fast Company
Dec. 2015
. N.p., 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 07
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hire.”13 Google’s interview process is known to be one of the most competitive interview
processes in the world. In order to receive approval for a budget to hire new employees,
managers have to make a strong case for how the new employees will help boost revenues at
the company. Recruiters are trained intensively to ensure that they are able to weed out
candidates who may not thrive at Google or those who are not technical experts. A brilliant tool
that Google is using, called Foo.bar identifies potential candidates based on their google
searches for a given programming language. After a few weeks of testing the candidate’s
technical capabilities via a selection of “online programming games”, Google is able to screen
candidates for an in-person interview. “In-person interviews are designed to test cognitive
ability, leadership ability, role-related knowledge, and Googlyness. The intent is to find someone
different, offbeat, who can push and challenge the status quo”14. Google’s chief culture officer,
Stacy Sullivan, has the sole goal of maintaining the culture at Google, and its hiring managers
are the gatekeepers.
Key Learnings
Google is a very unique and highly entrepreneurial company. This was evident in all the
research materials we came across during our academic research as well as during all of our
interviews with Google employees. In this section of the report, we will discuss our team’s key
takeaways regarding corporate entrepreneurship at Google.
1. Corporate entrepreneurship does not always need to be defined
When asked if corporate entrepreneurship is defined at Google, all seven ex-Google employees
we interviewed agreed that there was no formal definition of corporate entrepreneurship there.
However, they all did seem to think that at a company like Google, where entrepreneurship is
woven into the DNA of the company culture, such a definition is unnecessary. It is no secret that
Google is a very entrepreneurial company, and all of Google’s employees join the company with
an understanding that their careers at Google will be very different than any other tradition tech
firm. Most of our interviewers had taken advantage of “20% time” and spoke highly of the
company’s culture to incentivize taking risks and pushing the boundaries of what was expected
from one’s role. They also mentioned how entrepreneurial projects were highly advertised within
the company and that all employees were invited to a weekly all hands meeting with the
company leaders to talk about the latest and greatest that Google is working on. Given such
high morale and a high level of understanding of the value of being innovative at Google, the
need to define “corporate entrepreneurship” simply does not exist.
13 Wendy. “Hiring For Cultural Fit.” OKRs and Continuous Performance Management 7Geese
2015.
14 “Google’s Head Of HR Shares His Hiring Secrets.” Fast Company
. N.p., 06 Apr. 2015. Web. 07 Dec. 2015
. 7Geese, 19 Mar. 2013. Web. 05 Dec.
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