Trenching and Excavation Operations
SLOPING AND BENCHING SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES
actual slope.
type.
Upon the completion of this section, the participant should be able to:
1. Describe the difference between maximum allowable slope and
2. Observe how the angle of various sloped systems varies with soil
3. Evaluate layered systems to determine the proper trench slope.
4. Illustrate how shield systems and sloping systems interface in
combination systems.
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SLOPING SYSTEMS
If enough surface room is available, sloping or benching the trench walls
will offer excellent protection without any additional equipment. Cutting the slope
of the excavation back to its prescribed angle will allow the forces of cohesion (if
present) and internal friction to hold the soil together and keep it from flowing
downs the face of the trench. The soil type primarily determines the excavation
angle.
Sloping
a method of protecting employees from caveins by excavating to
form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the
excavations so as to prevent caveins.
In practice, it may be difficult to accurately determine these sloping angles.
Most of the time, the depth of the trench is known or can easily be determined.
Based on the vertical depth, the amount of cutback on each side of the trench
can be calculated. A formula to calculate these cutback distances will be
included with each slope diagram. NOTE: Remember, the beginning of the
cutback distance begins at the toe of the slope, not the center of the trench.
Accordingly, the cutback distance will be the same regardless of how wide the
trench is at the bottom.
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OSHA provides slope information based on the maximum allowable slope.
To use the maximum allowable slope, site conditions must be ideal. If any signs
of distress are observed, the actual slope is required to be less than the
maximum allowable slope. Signs of distress that OSHA lists are:
• Development of fissures in trench face;
• Appearance of stress cracks;
• Material slumping from face;
• Bulging or heaving of the trench bottom;
• Spalling or raveling.
If this or any other condition is observed which the competent person believes
would jeopardize the integrity of the trench, the steepest slope which can be
used is the maximum allowable slope plus an additional 1/2H: 1V. This is the
steepest actual slope. Depending upon conditions, the angle of this slope may
have to be further reduced to provide adequate protection. While not as specific,
the Standard states that the competent person must allow a safety factor
(decrease the slope) in situations where surcharge loads, or vibration could
weaken the slope walls as well.
The prescribed sloping angles and bench dimensions can be determined by
using any of the following options:
1. Assume TYPE C soil. This gives a maximum allowable slope of 34 degrees
(1.5H: 1V). No benching is allowed. Soil testing is not required.
2. Use of Tabulated Data approved by a Registered Professional Engineer.
Data must include system selection parameters, data limits, and explanatory
information. A copy of the tabulated data is required to be at the job site
during construction. Soil testing required.
3. Use a slope or benching configuration designed by a Registered
Professional Engineer. A copy of the design data is required to be at the job
site during construction. Soil testing required.
4. Use Appendix A (Soil Testing) and Appendix B (Sloping and Benching).
Soil testing required.
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APPENDIX B Simple Sloping Systems for TYPE A Soil
For TYPE A soil and a trench depth of less than 20 feet, the steepest maximum
allowable slope is 53 degrees from the horizontal. This translates to a 0.75H: 1V
incline and is shown below.
Maximum Allowable Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 0.75 x Depth (V)
Steepest Actual Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 1.25 x Depth (V)
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Many trenches are open for such a short time that the
cohesive TYPE A soil has no time to dry out. Therefore, OSHA
allows for a steeper maximum allowable slope for those trenches,
which are 12 feet or less in depth and will remain open for less than
24 hours.
For TYPE A soil and a trench depth of less than 12 feet for a
trench open 24 hours or less, the steepest maximum allowable
slope is 63 degrees from the horizontal. This translates to a 0.5H:
1V incline and is shown below.
Maximum Allowable Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 0.5 x Depth (V)
Steepest Actual Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 1.0 x Depth (V)
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APPENDIX B Simple Sloping System for TYPE B Soil
TYPE B soil is not as stable as TYPE A. and the incline for the sloped
system is not as great as it would be for TYPE A soils.
For TYPE B soil and a trench depth of less than 20 feet, the steepest
maximum allowable slope is 45 degrees from the horizontal. This translates to a
1H: 1V incline and is shown below.
Maximum Allowable Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 1.0 x Depth (V)
Steepest Actual Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 1.5 x Depth (V)
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APPENDIX B Simple Sloping System for TYPE C Soil
The incline of a slope for TYPE C soil is the flattest since TYPE C soil is
the least cohesive and the most flowable.
For TYPE C soil and a trench depth of less than 20 feet, the steepest
maximum allowable slope is 34 degrees from the horizontal. This translates to a
1H: 1.5V incline and is shown below.
Maximum Allowable Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 1.5 x Depth (V)
Steepest Actual Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 2.0 x Depth (V)
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BENCHING SYSTEMS
Rather than excavating a flat trench face, benching leaves steps on the
side of the excavation. This can either be found as a single bench at the bottom
of the trench or a multiple bench system. There are really two main reasons to
bench a trench rather than slope a trench. Of greatest importance is the affect it
has on the weight that the buried conduit must bear. Through work done at Iowa
State University, it has been shown that allowing a bench above the conduit to
bear some of the lateral weight (force) of the soil can lessen soil weight, which
the conduit must support.
APPENDIX B Bench Systems for Type A Soil
For simple bench systems in TYPE A soil and a trench depth of less than
20 feet, the steepest maximum allowable slope is 53 degrees from the horizontal.
This translates to a 0.75H: 1V incline and is shown below.
Maximum Allowable Slope
Cutback distance (H) = .75 x Depth (V)
Steepest Actual Slope
Cutback distance (H) = 1.25 x Depth (V)
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